U.S. Policy

Immigration, visas, trade, tariffs and diplomacy: the decisions in Washington that shape America’s dealings with each of the five countries, and the lives of Desis here.

Editor's comments

  • Piyush Goyal: every H-1B visa not granted is a win for India

    Editor's comment

    The Economic Times · Piyush Goyal: every H-1B visa not granted is a win for India

    India's commerce minister may be right that India will ultimately prosper from talent that stays home rather than draining to the West. But whether curbs on H-1B visas drove that turnaround will remain a counterfactual claim, hard to prove.

    Goyal says he never raised H-1B visas in his talks with Washington. That restraint is questionable. Abuses of work visas, especially by the big Indian outsourcing firms, have been known for a decade. Had India confronted the firms and worked with the United States to end the abuses, it might have won goodwill on visas and much else. India's silence leaves it open to the charge of ignoring the problem, if not condoning it.

    Think of it commercially. India supplies a product, tech talent, and American employers are the buyers, entitled to set quality standards. India and its outsourcing firms did not take responsibility for quality and conduct, and let some firms operate as body shops. It is time to do this seriously. India still has the product, and lots of it.

    Watch the interview from The Economic Times

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump seated in the Oval Office
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump in the Oval Office, February 13, 2025. Photo: Prime Minister's Office, India / Wikimedia Commons, GODL-India
President Donald Trump in the Oval Office with Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Field Marshal Asim Munir, joined by Vice President JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio
President Donald Trump meets Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Field Marshal Asim Munir, the army chief, in the Oval Office, September 25, 2025, with Vice President JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Photo: Official White House Photo by Daniel Torok (public domain)

Five files, not one

Washington’s agenda differs sharply by country: trade and technology with India, security and finance with Pakistan, energy and trade balance with Bangladesh, and maritime and development ties with Sri Lanka and Nepal.

Think tanks to follow

Washington research institutions whose South Asia work shapes policy debates. Their analysts are quoted often in the press, so it helps to know where they stand.

Inclusion is not an endorsement.

U.S. goods trade, 2025

U.S. deficit in goods trade with each country

India−$58.4bn
Pakistan−$2.3bn
Bangladesh−$7.1bn
Sri Lanka−$2.7bn
Nepal−$12m

U.S. balance in goods trade. Negative = U.S. deficit. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.